Grammar
Grammar 7 - ELP:
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Learning Objectives:
By the end of this class I can:
(Adjective)
use a double comparative to emphasize the rate of change.
ie. Petrol is becoming more and more expensive. / He drove faster and faster.
(Adverb)
construct adverbial phrases to make comments.
ie. Practically speaking … / At the end of the day... / Taking the long view…
(Clause)
omit the relative pronoun in defining (restrictive) relative clauses.
ie. He’s the friend (who) I told you about. / That’s the movie (that) I wanted to see.
use clauses with 'It' + 'be' … to emphasize the topic or main point.
ie. It's the story that makes the difference. / It was his accent that made him hard to understand.
use clauses with 'What ...' to emphasize the topic or main point.
ie. What we need now is a good night's sleep. / What I said was that I don't need your help.
correctly use defining (restrictive) and non- defining (non- restrictive) relative clauses.
ie. I told my sister, who already knew about it. / Tell only the people who need to know about it.
make statements about appearance using 'seem/appear like/that' with complement clauses.
ie. It looks like he isn't coming. / It appears that John has misunderstood.
use non-defining (non-restrictive) relative clauses to make a comment.
ie. He was late, which was unusual. / It's raining, which is really annoying.
discuss sources of information using 'hear' + '(that +)' complement clause.
ie. I hear that John and Susie are getting married. / Have you heard what Martin's just done?
use a range of common reporting verbs with 'that' + complement clause.
ie. He suggested that we come back later. / She warned me that she would have to report it.
use the past perfect with adverbial clauses of time.
ie. I remembered it after I’d already left home. / By the time I got there she’d gone.
use noun phrases in place of verb phrases in formal written language.
ie. The change in the weather has affected all of us. / Marian was very puzzled by the disappearance of the money.
use 'as if/as though' with the present simple to refer to what appears to be the case.
ie. It looks as though they're not coming.
(Conjunction)
use 'while', 'whereas' and 'whilst' (Br Eng) to contrast and compare actions and situations.
ie. John is a hard worker, whereas I'm a bit lazy. / While(st) she sings well, her dancing is very poor.
use adverbials such as 'however', 'on the other hand', and 'though' to express concession.
ie. He's quite old - however, he does look after himself. / The house is large. On the other hand, it's in poor condition.
use 'as soon as' with the past perfect.
ie. I handed the work in as soon as I had finished it. / As soon as she'd eaten, she fell asleep.
(Modal Verb)
use a range of modals with passive infinitives.
ie. It could be done. / It’ll be stolen. / It could be improved. / The train might be delayed.
use 'need' with the passive infinitive to express necessity.
ie. The report needs to be completed this week. / Homework needs to be handed in today.
use 'I wish/if only …' to express regrets and wishes about the past.
ie. I should have gone to bed earlier. / If only I’d worked harder. / I wish we’d bought that house.
use 'ought(n't)' to to offer or ask for advice or suggestions.
ie. You ought to go to a doctor. / He oughtn't to drink so much. / Where ought we to go?
use 'need' with verbs in the gerund to express necessity.
ie. My hair needs cutting. / The children need picking up.
use 'will' + infinitive for orders and instructions.
ie. You will sit down immediately. / They will wait till they're called.
express regrets and preferences with 'would rather/it's time' with past tense clauses.
ie. I’d rather we stayed in tonight. / I’d rather have gone to the cinema. / It’s time we left.
use 'shall' + infinitive for formal first-person statements about the future.
ie. I shall do my best.
(Phrase)
refer to certainty and probability using 'certain/ likely /due to' with verb phrases.
ie. He's certain to pass the exam. / The train is likely to be late. / When are they due to arrive?
talk about expectations and obligations using '(not) supposed to …'
ie. You're not supposed to touch that. / Are we supposed to eat this?
talk about expectations and obligations using '(not) supposed to …'
ie. You're not supposed to touch that. / Are we supposed to eat this?
talk about expectations and obligations using '(not) supposed to …'
ie. You're not supposed to touch that. / Are we supposed to eat this?
use verb phrases with 'to' + infinitive as subject and complement.
ie. To live in New York is my dream. / The effect of the drug was to give him a headache.
express prohibition in the present or future with 'forbid' and '(not) allow'.
ie. I forbid you to speak to him. / We won't be allowed to take pictures.
report orders, requests and advice with infinitive clauses.
ie. She told me not to do it. / He warned us not to be late. / She encouraged him to study.
construct phrases with '(not) worth ...' and '(no) point ...' to express the (lack of) usefulness or value of an action or suggestion.
ie. There's no point in talking about it. / It's not worth repairing such an old car.
express past intentions and plans with 'thinking of' and verbs in the gerund.
ie. We were thinking of selling the house. / Were you thinking of driving there?
(Verb)
soften orders and requests by using the past tense.
ie. I thought perhaps you could help me. / We hoped you'd come to our party.
use auxiliary 'do/did' as a substitute or placeholder
ie. He asked me to help him, and I did. / You wanted to know if I like coffee - well, I do.
use the future continuous with reference to actions in progress at a specific time in the future.
ie. This time tomorrow I’ll be flying to Rio / I’ll be driving home from work at 5 p.m. tomorrow.
emphasize a statement by adding 'do' or 'did'.
ie. He does look nice in his new suit. / I didn't get to see John, but I did see his mother.
use the past perfect continuous in a range of common situations.
ie. I'd been living in London for three years when I met her. / How long had you been waiting when I arrived?
use the past perfect passive.
ie. The goods had already been stolen. / It had all been said before. / It had been cancelled.
use the future perfect with reference to actions to be completed by a specific time in the future.
ie. I’ll have finished it by Saturday. / The match won’t have finished by 8 p.m.
Assessment
6 Tests
Class Materials
Focus on Grammar 4 4th Ed.